Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. C International Bans Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). KKA NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. Research Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. JA The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. 1 0 obj , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki Y Alternatives like in vitro, computer simulations, cell and tissue samples, and mannequins are reducing the millions of sentient animals forced into painful experiments worldwide. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Trewyn, P.S. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. Roth, D.W.M. ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. SD The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. NEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION ) 333 Washington NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by JCI Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. These articles are briefly described as follows. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. One solution that has been proposed to meet acute, high-demand situations is to maintain modestly sized reserve colonies of macaques that can be used specifically to deal with sudden increases in demand due to emerging pathogens. Rubio Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. In contrast to mice, NHPs demonstrate all of the features of infection of humans by Mtb, particularly the formation of granulomas that have very similar physiology to those in human infection and immune responses that parallel those of humans. 2016; SCHEER 2017), and some Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea (Ogden et al. CG Havel Projects , Miller P. Bayne WebAbout NNEVS. A Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Biomedical Research Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.)